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A ball screw is a precision mechanical transmission element that converts rotational motion into linear motion, or vice versa. It achieves efficient, low-friction motion transmission through the revolving movement of balls between the screw shaft and the nut. Compared to traditional sliding screws, ball screws offer advantages such as high efficiency, high precision, and enhanced durability. Therefore, they are widely used in CNC machine tools, automation equipment, semiconductor manufacturing, and precision instruments.
Ball Screw Classification
Based on the manufacturing method, ball screws can be divided into ground and cold-rolled types.
Ground types offer high precision and are suitable for high-end machine tools and measuring equipment, while cold-rolled types are more cost-effective and more suitable for general automation machinery.
Preloading methods include double-nut preloading and single-nut preloading.
Double-nut preloading eliminates axial play by offsetting the two nuts, resulting in high rigidity and stability, making it suitable for high-precision positioning and heavy-load applications. Single-nut preloading, typically achieved through the use of oversized balls, offers a compact structure and low cost, making it suitable for medium loads and standard automation systems.
Based on the circulation method, there are two types: external and internal.
In the external circulation type, the balls are returned through an external circulation tube. This type features a sturdy structure and is commonly used for large-lead or heavy-loaded screws. In the internal circulation type, the balls are returned within the nut through an end cap or deflector. This type features a more compact design, low operating noise, and is more suitable for high-speed or space-constrained applications.
| Brand | Country/Region | Features | Main Applications |
| THK | Japan | Technology leader, covering high-precision and high-load series | CNC machine tools, industrial robots, aerospace |
| NSK | Japan | Long service life, high reliability, full range of ground and rolled products | CNC machine tools, medical equipment |
| HIWIN | Taiwan | High cost-performance ratio, wide product range | Automation machinery, semiconductor industry |
| PMI | Taiwan | Stable and reliable, strong alternative in the market | Automated production lines, handling equipment |
| SKF | Sweden | Strong influence in Europe, durability-focused | Energy equipment, construction machinery |
| Bosch Rexroth | Germany | High rigidity, high precision, comprehensive automation solutions | Industrial machine tools, engineering equipment |
| KSS | Japan | Specialized in small-diameter and precision ball screws | Precision instruments, medical devices |
As a core component of linear motion systems, ball screw selection directly impacts the accuracy and lifespan of the equipment. Major global brands each have their own strengths in technology, market positioning, and application. Japanese and German brands are renowned for their precision and high rigidity, while Taiwanese brands are popular for their cost-effectiveness and wide application. When selecting a ball screw, companies should consider their accuracy requirements, load requirements, and budget to achieve the optimal solution.